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  • This view of a mosque against the backdrop of the Rif mountains was taken from a rooftop inside the medina (old city) of Fez.  Fez is located between the Rif mountains and the Atlas mountains in northern Morocco.  It's a beautiful area and the views of the area are quite beautiful, particularly in the spring.<br />
<br />
The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the tw
    042214-0743.jpg
  • This view of the medina (old city) of Fez was taken from the hills outside of the medina.  Fez is located between the Rif mountains and the Atlas mountains in northern Morocco.  It's a beautiful area and the views of the area are quite beautiful, particularly in the spring.<br />
<br />
The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the twin cities have led a symbiotic exist
    042314-251.jpg
  • This view of the medina (old city) of Fez was taken from the hills outside of the medina.  Fez is located between the Rif mountains and the Atlas mountains in northern Morocco.  It's a beautiful area and the views of the area are quite beautiful, particularly in the spring.<br />
<br />
The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the twin cities have led a symbiotic exist
    042214-0135.jpg
  • This view of the medina (old city) of Fez was taken from the hills outside of the medina.  Fez is located between the Rif mountains and the Atlas mountains in northern Morocco.  It's a beautiful area and the views of the area are quite beautiful, particularly in the spring.<br />
<br />
The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the twin cities have led a symbiotic exist
    042314-239.jpg
  • This view of the medina (old city) of Fez was taken from the hills outside of the medina.  Fez is located between the Rif mountains and the Atlas mountains in northern Morocco.  It's a beautiful area and the views of the area are quite beautiful, particularly in the spring.<br />
<br />
The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the twin cities have led a symbiotic exist
    042314-257.jpg
  • This view of the medina (old city) of Fez was taken from the hills outside of the medina.  Fez is located between the Rif mountains and the Atlas mountains in northern Morocco.  It's a beautiful area and the views of the area are quite beautiful, particularly in the spring.<br />
<br />
The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the twin cities have led a symbiotic exist
    042214-0127.jpg
  • Traveling along the national road from Fes to Marrakech through the middle Atlas mountains, this mountain scene with dashes of color from the wildflowers typifies this part of the Moroccan countryside.
    042414-350.jpg
  • Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,400 meters (7,875 ft) above sea level. It is situated on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, which is 80 km (50 mi) northwest of Cuzco and through which the Urubamba River flows. The river is a partially navigable headwater of the Amazon River. Often referred to as "The Lost City of the Incas", Machu Picchu is one of the most familiar symbols of the Inca Empire. It was built around the year 1460, but was abandoned as an official site for the Inca rulers a hundred years later, at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. Although known locally, it was said to have been forgotten for centuries when the site was brought to worldwide attention in 1911 by Hiram Bingham, an American historian. Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. It is especially important as a cultural site and considered a sacred place.
    053100K-7.jpg
  • Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,400 meters (7,875 ft) above sea level. It is situated on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, which is 80 km (50 mi) northwest of Cuzco and through which the Urubamba River flows. The river is a partially navigable headwater of the Amazon River. Often referred to as "The Lost City of the Incas", Machu Picchu is one of the most familiar symbols of the Inca Empire. It was built around the year 1460, but was abandoned as an official site for the Inca rulers a hundred years later, at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. Although known locally, it was said to have been forgotten for centuries when the site was brought to worldwide attention in 1911 by Hiram Bingham, an American historian. Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. It is especially important as a cultural site and considered a sacred place.
    053100E-15.jpg
  • Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,400 meters (7,875 ft) above sea level. It is situated on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, which is 80 km (50 mi) northwest of Cuzco and through which the Urubamba River flows. The river is a partially navigable headwater of the Amazon River. Often referred to as "The Lost City of the Incas", Machu Picchu is one of the most familiar symbols of the Inca Empire. It was built around the year 1460, but was abandoned as an official site for the Inca rulers a hundred years later, at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. Although known locally, it was said to have been forgotten for centuries when the site was brought to worldwide attention in 1911 by Hiram Bingham, an American historian. Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. It is especially important as a cultural site and considered a sacred place.
    053100E-4.jpg
  • Machu Picchu is a pre-Columbian Inca site located 2,400 meters (7,875 ft) above sea level. It is situated on a mountain ridge above the Urubamba Valley in Peru, which is 80 km (50 mi) northwest of Cuzco and through which the Urubamba River flows. The river is a partially navigable headwater of the Amazon River. Often referred to as "The Lost City of the Incas", Machu Picchu is one of the most familiar symbols of the Inca Empire. It was built around the year 1460, but was abandoned as an official site for the Inca rulers a hundred years later, at the time of the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire. Although known locally, it was said to have been forgotten for centuries when the site was brought to worldwide attention in 1911 by Hiram Bingham, an American historian. Machu Picchu was declared a Peruvian Historical Sanctuary in 1981 and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983. It is especially important as a cultural site and considered a sacred place.
    053100P-01.jpg
  • This shop was the only shop in the medina that sold camel meat.  How many places in the world would you see a camels head hanging in a food shop where they are butchering meat for you?  It's places like this that make this city truly unique and such a pleasure to visit.<br />
<br />
The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the twin cities have led a symbiotic existence
    042214-0575.jpg
  • The narrow pathways and streets of the medina (old city) in Fez, Morocco add so much to charm and feel of this city.  These parts of the city are very old.  You can feel it as you walk through the medina and take in the surroundings.<br />
<br />
The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the twin cities have led a symbiotic existence without losing their own character.
    042214-0508.jpg
  • The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the twin cities have led a symbiotic existence without losing their own character. Fez is at once an astonishing city-museum and one of the largest Islamic metropolises in which the various demographic strata have determined the greatest variety of architectural forms and urban landscapes.<br />
<br />
Having been deserted since
    042214-0730.jpg
  • The narrow pathways and streets of the medina (old city) in Fez, Morocco add so much to charm and feel of this city.  These parts of the city are very old.  You can feel it as you walk through the medina and take in the surroundings.<br />
<br />
The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the twin cities have led a symbiotic existence without losing their own character.
    042214-0599.jpg
  • One of the most interesting sites in Fez is the Leather Souq and the oldest leather tannery in the world. The tannery dates back at least nine centuries. When approaching the tannery the smell is the first suggestion that something different is about to appear. The smell drifts around the balcony from where all the activity can be viewed and is enough to put off the most enthusiastic of tourists. The stench is worth braving as the view over the balcony allows those watching to see a site that has not changed since the 11th century.<br />
<br />
The tannery is composed of numerous stone vessels filled with a vast range of dyes and various odorous liquids. The tannery processes the hides (skins) of sheep and goats, turning them into high quality leather products such as bags, coats, shoes, slippers and other similar products. This is all achieved manually, without the need for modern machinery. Men work in unbearably hot conditions (in the summer - 40 degrees and above). The tannery is a good example of mass production, a process that we often consider as being modern.<br />
<br />
The workers stand in the stone vessels arranged like honeycombs, filled with different dyes, dying the arms and legs of the men. The hides are first soaked in diluted acidic pigeon excrement and then transferred to other vessels containing vegetable dyes such as henna, saffron and mint. When the dying process has been completed the hides are dried on the roofs of the Medina. <br />
<br />
The production line created five hundred years ago is basically the same today.
    042214-0953.jpg
  • The narrow pathways and streets of the medina (old city) in Fez, Morocco add so much to charm and feel of this city.  These parts of the city are very old.  You can feel it as you walk through the medina and take in the surroundings.<br />
<br />
The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the twin cities have led a symbiotic existence without losing their own character.
    042214-0605.jpg
  • The narrow pathways and streets of the medina (old city) in Fez, Morocco add so much to charm and feel of this city.  These parts of the city are very old.  You can feel it as you walk through the medina and take in the surroundings.<br />
<br />
The Holy City of Fez, a jewel of Spanish-Arabic civilization, is an outstanding and well-preserved example of an ancient capital of the Almoravids and the Almohads in the North African context, despite the destruction of the city and the transfer of the capital to Rabat. The Medina of Fez in its old, densely packed monuments - madrasas, fondouks, palaces, residences, mosques and fountains - is the memory of the capital founded in year 192 of the Hegira (808) by Idriss II.<br />
<br />
The ancient city, home to the oldest university in the world, is composed of two distinct centres. One is the quarter of the Andalous, a population that fled from the Umayyad masters of Cordoba and who came to settle definitively on the right bank of the Fez. The other is the quarter of the Quarawiyyia, a people emigrated from Kairouan in the 11th century who chose the left bank of the river to develop their activities.<br />
<br />
Despite the destruction of a considerable part of the city by the Almoravids, the dynasty that took power in the 11th century, the two quarters grouped around two major monuments, the Jama el Andalous (the Mosque of the Andalusians) and the mosque of El Karaouiyne, have preserved their identities intact in the old city of Fez el Bali.<br />
<br />
In the 13th century, after the Merinid conquest, when the city found itself constrained within its walls, a new city, Fez el Jedid, was founded directly to the west, in ah 674 by the sultan Abou Youssouf. It replaced Marrakesh as the capital of the kingdom. In the 14th century a Jewish quarter, the Mellah, was joined to the newly founded city. The urban fabric and the principal monuments in the Medina date from this period.<br />
<br />
Since then, the twin cities have led a symbiotic existence without losing their own character.
    042214-0502.jpg
  • One of the most interesting sites in Fez is the Leather Souq and the oldest leather tannery in the world. The tannery dates back at least nine centuries. When approaching the tannery the smell is the first suggestion that something different is about to appear. The smell drifts around the balcony from where all the activity can be viewed and is enough to put off the most enthusiastic of tourists. The stench is worth braving as the view over the balcony allows those watching to see a site that has not changed since the 11th century.<br />
<br />
The tannery is composed of numerous stone vessels filled with a vast range of dyes and various odorous liquids. The tannery processes the hides (skins) of sheep and goats, turning them into high quality leather products such as bags, coats, shoes, slippers and other similar products. This is all achieved manually, without the need for modern machinery. Men work in unbearably hot conditions (in the summer - 40 degrees and above). The tannery is a good example of mass production, a process that we often consider as being modern.<br />
<br />
The workers stand in the stone vessels arranged like honeycombs, filled with different dyes, dying the arms and legs of the men. The hides are first soaked in diluted acidic pigeon excrement and then transferred to other vessels containing vegetable dyes such as henna, saffron and mint. When the dying process has been completed the hides are dried on the roofs of the Medina. <br />
<br />
The production line created five hundred years ago is basically the same today.
    042214-0888.jpg
  • This shot of the coastline was taken on the western side of the island of Kauai. This the Napali coast photographed from the air.
    082014-544.jpg
  • This photo was taken from the air on the western side of the island of Kauai off the Na Pali coast. Between the cliffs, the vegetation and the water, the colors are absolutely off the scale!
    082014-457.jpg
  • This photo was taken on the western side of the island of Kauai.  These are  views of Olokele Canyon.
    082014-230.jpg
  • This photo was taken from the air on the western side of the island of Kauai off the Na Pali coast. Between the cliffs, the vegetation and the water, the colors are absolutely off the scale!
    082014-460.jpg
  • Crater Lake - Crater Lake National Park - Oregon - United States<br />
<br />
About 6,800 years ago, at the climax of a series of dramatic eruptions, the top of Mt. Mazama collapsed.  Left behind was the huge crater, or caldera, you see today.  But before the caldera filed with water, there were more eruptions.<br />
<br />
The most striking evidence of post-collapse volcanic activity is Wizard Island, the small volcano in the middle of Crater Lake.  It's symmetrical cone was formed by a fountain of cinders which erupted from the caldera floor.  On the left side of the caldera, a similar cone appeared, but today it lies hidden 496 feet (151m) beow the lake surface. <br />
<br />
Geologists believe that lava flows which erupted after the collapse helped to seal the fractured caldera floor, allowing melting snow and rain to accumulate. <br />
<br />
When Mt. Mazama collapsed about 6,800 years ago, it left behind evidences of its former self.  Like X-ray photos, the steep caldera walls reveal the interior of Mt. Mazama before its fall.  <br />
<br />
The massive gray monolith on the rim is Llao Rock.  It formed when a large outpouring of lava filled an explosion crater on the north slope of Mt. Mazama.  When Mt. Mazama collapsed, part of the hardened lava flow broke off and fell into the caldera, leaving the downslope portion perched on the rim.<br />
<br />
The jagged, colorful spires of Hillman Peak are the remains of a secondary volcano which erupted on the side of Mt. Mazama.  This satellite cone attained a height of 1,000 feet (300m). Erosion has exposed a maze of clogged and solified lava conduits that fed the Hillman volcano.
    070310-209.jpg
  • This photo of the Kalalau valley was taken on the northwestern side of the island of Kauai. The Kalalau valley is part of the Na Pali coast.
    081914-072.jpg
  • This photo of Wailua Falls was taken on the eastern side of the island of Kauai.
    081614-014.jpg
  • This aerial photo of Wameia Canyon was taken on the north western side of the island of Kauai. The mix of color, the jagged lines and shapes in these canyons are nothing short of amazing!
    081614-140.jpg
  • This photo was taken from the air on the western side of the island of Kauai off the Na Pali coast. Between the cliffs, the vegetation and the water, the colors are absolutely off the scale!
    082014-396.jpg
  • This photo was taken on the western side of the island of Kauai. This is a ridge along the Napali coast photographed from the air.
    082014-619.jpg
  • These spectacular canyons are part of the Na Pali coast on the western side of the island of Kauai.  They are so large that it's hard to get perspective on them as you look up the canyon.
    082014-494.jpg
  • This photo of Wameia Canyon was taken on the western side of the island of Kauai. The mix of color in these canyons is amazing!
    082014-324.jpg
  • This photo was taken on the western side of the island of Kauai.  This is a ridge along the Napali coast photographed from the air.
    082014-633.jpg
  • This photo of Wameia Canyon was taken on the western side of the island of Kauai. The mix of color in these canyons is amazing!
    082014-313.jpg
  • This photo of Wameia Canyon was taken on the western side of the island of Kauai. The mix of color in these canyons is amazing!
    082014-291.jpg
  • This photo of the Kalalau valley was taken on the northwestern side of the island of Kauai. The Kalalau valley is part of the Na Pali coast.
    081914-018.jpg
  • This photo of Wailua Falls was taken on the eastern side of the island of Kauai.
    081814-1500.jpg
  • This aerial photo of Wameia Canyon was taken on the north western side of the island of Kauai. The mix of color, the jagged lines and shapes in these canyons are nothing short of amazing!
    081814-1456.jpg
  • This photo of Wailua Falls was taken on the eastern side of the island of Kauai.
    081614-122.jpg
  • Crater Lake - Crater Lake National Park - Oregon - United States<br />
<br />
About 6,800 years ago, at the climax of a series of dramatic eruptions, the top of Mt. Mazama collapsed.  Left behind was the huge crater, or caldera, you see today.  But before the caldera filed with water, there were more eruptions.<br />
<br />
The most striking evidence of post-collapse volcanic activity is Wizard Island, the small volcano in the middle of Crater Lake.  It's symmetrical cone was formed by a fountain of cinders which erupted from the caldera floor.  On the left side of the caldera, a similar cone appeared, but today it lies hidden 496 feet (151m) beow the lake surface. <br />
<br />
Geologists believe that lava flows which erupted after the collapse helped to seal the fractured caldera floor, allowing melting snow and rain to accumulate. <br />
<br />
When Mt. Mazama collapsed about 6,800 years ago, it left behind evidences of its former self.  Like X-ray photos, the steep caldera walls reveal the interior of Mt. Mazama before its fall.  <br />
<br />
The massive gray monolith on the rim is Llao Rock.  It formed when a large outpouring of lava filled an explosion crater on the north slope of Mt. Mazama.  When Mt. Mazama collapsed, part of the hardened lava flow broke off and fell into the caldera, leaving the downslope portion perched on the rim.<br />
<br />
The jagged, colorful spires of Hillman Peak are the remains of a secondary volcano which erupted on the side of Mt. Mazama.  This satellite cone attained a height of 1,000 feet (300m). Erosion has exposed a maze of clogged and solified lava conduits that fed the Hillman volcano.
    070310-089.jpg
  • Crater Lake - Crater Lake National Park - Oregon - United States<br />
<br />
About 6,800 years ago, at the climax of a series of dramatic eruptions, the top of Mt. Mazama collapsed.  Left behind was the huge crater, or caldera, you see today.  But before the caldera filed with water, there were more eruptions.<br />
<br />
The most striking evidence of post-collapse volcanic activity is Wizard Island, the small volcano in the middle of Crater Lake.  It's symmetrical cone was formed by a fountain of cinders which erupted from the caldera floor.  On the left side of the caldera, a similar cone appeared, but today it lies hidden 496 feet (151m) beow the lake surface. <br />
<br />
Geologists believe that lava flows which erupted after the collapse helped to seal the fractured caldera floor, allowing melting snow and rain to accumulate. <br />
<br />
When Mt. Mazama collapsed about 6,800 years ago, it left behind evidences of its former self.  Like X-ray photos, the steep caldera walls reveal the interior of Mt. Mazama before its fall.  <br />
<br />
The massive gray monolith on the rim is Llao Rock.  It formed when a large outpouring of lava filled an explosion crater on the north slope of Mt. Mazama.  When Mt. Mazama collapsed, part of the hardened lava flow broke off and fell into the caldera, leaving the downslope portion perched on the rim.<br />
<br />
The jagged, colorful spires of Hillman Peak are the remains of a secondary volcano which erupted on the side of Mt. Mazama.  This satellite cone attained a height of 1,000 feet (300m). Erosion has exposed a maze of clogged and solified lava conduits that fed the Hillman volcano.
    070310-251.jpg
  • This photo was taken from the air on the western side of the island of Kauai off the Na Pali coast. Between the cliffs, the vegetation and the water, the colors are absolutely off the scale!
    082014-464.jpg
  • This photo was taken on the western side of the island of Kauai.  This is a view from the inside of Wai'ale'ale Crater.  This is one of the wettest spots on earth.
    082014-786.jpg
  • This photo was taken on the western side of the island of Kauai.  I shot this from a helicopter.  I think that this is a view of Olokele Canyon, but I can't be certain.  We were going from Lihue right through to the Napali Coast and going through Olokele and Waimea Canyons on the way.
    082014-227.jpg
  • The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), Barbary ape, or magot is a species of macaque unique for its distribution outside of Asia and for its vestigial tail. Found in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco and El-Kouf National Park in Libya along with a small population of unknown origin in Gibraltar, the Barbary macaque is one of the best-known Old World monkey species.<br />
<br />
This image is a great display of grooming behavior.  This behavior is common amongs most primates and many other species and is always interesting to watch when it is occuring naturally.<br />
<br />
The Barbary macaque is of particular interest because males play an atypical role in rearing young. Despite uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising infants. Generally, Barbary macaques of all ages and sexes contribute in alloparental care of young.<br />
Macaque diets consist primarily of plants and insects and they are found in a variety of habitats. Males live to a maximum of 25 years while females may live up to 30 years. Besides humans, they are the only free-living primates in Europe. Although the species is commonly referred to as the "Barbary ape", the Barbary macaque is actually a true monkey. Its name refers to the Barbary Coast of Northern Africa.<br />
The Barbary macaque population of Gibraltar is the only such population outside of Northern Africa. The Rock of Gibraltar is populated by approximately 230 macaques.
    042414-155.jpg
  • I noticed this scene when traveling along the national road from Fes to Marrakech through the middle Atlas mountains. The color of these rugs hanging out the windows to dry was superb!  It was also very typical of the color and flair that is so common in Morocco.
    042414-371.jpg
  • The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), Barbary ape, or magot is a species of macaque unique for its distribution outside of Asia and for its vestigial tail. Found in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco and El-Kouf National Park in Libya along with a small population of unknown origin in Gibraltar, the Barbary macaque is one of the best-known Old World monkey species.<br />
The Barbary macaque is of particular interest because males play an atypical role in rearing young. Despite uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising infants. Generally, Barbary macaques of all ages and sexes contribute in alloparental care of young.<br />
Macaque diets consist primarily of plants and insects and they are found in a variety of habitats. Males live to a maximum of 25 years while females may live up to 30 years. Besides humans, they are the only free-living primates in Europe. Although the species is commonly referred to as the "Barbary ape", the Barbary macaque is actually a true monkey. Its name refers to the Barbary Coast of Northern Africa.<br />
The Barbary macaque population of Gibraltar is the only such population outside of Northern Africa. The Rock of Gibraltar is populated by approximately 230 macaques.
    042414-190.jpg
  • The Barbary macaque (Macaca sylvanus), Barbary ape, or magot is a species of macaque unique for its distribution outside of Asia and for its vestigial tail. Found in the Atlas Mountains of Algeria and Morocco and El-Kouf National Park in Libya along with a small population of unknown origin in Gibraltar, the Barbary macaque is one of the best-known Old World monkey species.<br />
The Barbary macaque is of particular interest because males play an atypical role in rearing young. Despite uncertain paternity, males are integral to raising infants. Generally, Barbary macaques of all ages and sexes contribute in alloparental care of young.<br />
Macaque diets consist primarily of plants and insects and they are found in a variety of habitats. Males live to a maximum of 25 years while females may live up to 30 years. Besides humans, they are the only free-living primates in Europe. Although the species is commonly referred to as the "Barbary ape", the Barbary macaque is actually a true monkey. Its name refers to the Barbary Coast of Northern Africa.<br />
The Barbary macaque population of Gibraltar is the only such population outside of Northern Africa. The Rock of Gibraltar is populated by approximately 230 macaques.
    042414-019.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
There is perhaps no more majestic or iconic animal among all of the endangered species than the mountain gorilla. Silverbacks like Ubumwe from the Amahoro Group in Parc National des Volcans are truly magnificent in stature and demeanor. The gorilla has fascinated people and captured our imaginations as long as we have been aware of its existence. The catastrophic decline in the mountain gorilla population from the 1960s and 1970s through the early 1980s could have spelled the end for mountain gorillas. Through hard work, dedication, and sacrifice of many people in the host countries and the money provided by donors around the world, the mountain gorilla has survived. However, their future even today, remains uncertain.
    052706-182.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Captain von Beringe is credited with the scientific discovery of the mountain gorilla. He first saw mountain gorillas when attempting to climb Mt. Sabyinio, part of the home range where Agashya, this massive silverback, and the rest of the members of Group 13 are sometimes found.
    053006-116.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Guhonda from the Sabyinyo Group in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda, is the largest silverback mountain gorilla in the world weighing in at approximately 450 pounds.
    052606-110.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
The success of conservation efforts to preserve and protect mountain gorillas and the forests that they call home will continue to be, directly tied to the people living near them. <br />
When humans and animals compete for the same living space and natural resources, invariably the humans take precedence every time. If young females like Kubana from the Shinda Group in Parc National des Volcans are to survive, this delicate balance between the needs of people and gorillas must be achieved.
    060106-108.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
A young female named Ikaze from Beetsme’s group grabs handfuls of Galium. Galium is one of the foods most commonly eaten by mountain gorillas in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    053106-139.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Guhonda from the Sabyinyo Group in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda, is the largest silverback mountain gorilla in the world weighing in at approximately 450 pounds.
    052606-127.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Ikaze is a member of Beetsme’s Group, which is a research group studied by the Karisoke Research Center in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. The work done at the Karisoke Research Center in Rwanda represents one of the longest continual studies of free-living primates in the world. Our knowledge of mountain gorillas constitutes most of what we know about the behavioral ecology of the entire gorilla genus. Research and scientific understanding are fundamental inputs to conservation strategies, management planning, monitoring, and evaluating success in conservation initiatives.
    053106-145.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda<br />
<br />
The female’s role is to produce offspring and participate in the care of the infants. Poppy, the female shown here, is one of the grande dams of Rwandan mountain gorillas having produced babies for many years. Poppy and her infant Ishyaka Laurentine are members of the Susa Group. As young females grow to maturity, they may and generally do leave their birth or natal group to join another social unit. It is not abnormal for a female to transition between groups more than once in her life. Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    052506-479.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
The infant Dusangire from Group 13 stretches his legs and ventures out after a sudden rainstorm in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    053006-167.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Tuyishime holds her baby, Kuramba close to shelter it from the rain keeping it safe and warm as possible. They are members of the Susa Group in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    122102E-14.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Gasindikira from Group 13 in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda stuffs a wad of (Carduus Nyassanus) in his mouth. Commonly eaten species such as gallium, nettles or thistles have natural defense mechanisms such as barbs and stinging needles. These natural defenses must be overcome before they can be consumed. Given that these plants can comprise a high percentage of a gorillas’ diet, a repeatable method of processing them for consumption is necessary. How these skills are acquired is the real question. Research shows that the infants learn these complex manual processing skills primarily through observation and practice.
    121902E-25.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Tetero from Beetsme’s group relaxes on a log in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    060206-275.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Tetero, a young juvenile from the Beetsme Group knuckle-walks along a large fallen tree in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. On the ground, gorillas walk on all fours, resting on the knuckles of the hands rather than on the bottoms or palms of the hands.
    060206-238.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Giant mossy Hagenia trees and lush herbaceous vegetation surround this silverback from Beetsme’s group, one of the research groups monitored and studied by the Karisoke Research Center in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    060206-040.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Young Kubana from the research group Shinda stares intensely in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. Part of the Albertine Rift, the montane forests of the Virungas, are home to many different species of birds, primates, and mammals. Understanding this tremendous biodiversity is crucial to managing the area properly and prioritizing research and conservation strategies.
    060106-113.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
A close encounter with Ibigwi, from the Amahoro group in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    052706-062.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
Humura from the Susa Group sits quietly atop a fallen tree and surveys the group of tourists that are snapping nonstop in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    071104-c2-081.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda
    070904-c2-146.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Gasindikira from Group 13 in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda stuffs a wad of (Carduus Nyassanus) in his mouth. Commonly eaten species such as gallium, nettles or thistles have natural defense mechanisms such as barbs and stinging needles. These natural defenses must be overcome before they can be consumed. Given that these plants can comprise a high percentage of a gorillas’ diet, a repeatable method of processing them for consumption is necessary. How these skills are acquired is the real question. Research shows that the infants learn these complex manual processing skills primarily through observation and practice.
    121902D-2.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
This headshot of Agashya, a silverback from Group 13, clearly shows the large sagital crest that plays such an important role in the appearance of these spectacular animals.
    053006-122.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Ubumwe, the silverback from the Amahoro group, closely watches visitors even as he rests. In the group social structure, the silverback’s role is that of leader and protector. He leads the group in its daily quest for food. He also determines where and when the group will bed down for the night. The silverback watches over all the members of his group. Even when he appears to be sleeping or largely indifferent to everything going on around him, all it takes is one noise out of place, one smell, one wrong vocalization, and he will spring to action. Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    052506-070.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Despite Agashya’s huge size, his posture is nonthreatening. This silverback from Group 13 in Rwanda is calm and relaxed as he stares intently into the camera lens.
    071304-c5-105.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Bunyenyeri, a member of the Umubano group in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda, finishes a morning feed. In 1902, Captain Oscar von Beringe shot two gorillas, and sent one to Paul Matschie at the Humboldt University Zoological Museum in Berlin, who would later describe it as a new subspecies of gorilla, which he called Gorilla gorilla beringei (later renamed Gorilla beringei beringei).
    052906-132.jpg