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  • This photo was taken on the western side of the island of Kauai.  This is a view from the inside of Wai'ale'ale Crater.  This is one of the wettest spots on earth.
    082014-786.jpg
  • Crater Lake - Crater Lake National Park - Oregon - United States<br />
<br />
About 6,800 years ago, at the climax of a series of dramatic eruptions, the top of Mt. Mazama collapsed.  Left behind was the huge crater, or caldera, you see today.  But before the caldera filed with water, there were more eruptions.<br />
<br />
The most striking evidence of post-collapse volcanic activity is Wizard Island, the small volcano in the middle of Crater Lake.  It's symmetrical cone was formed by a fountain of cinders which erupted from the caldera floor.  On the left side of the caldera, a similar cone appeared, but today it lies hidden 496 feet (151m) beow the lake surface. <br />
<br />
Geologists believe that lava flows which erupted after the collapse helped to seal the fractured caldera floor, allowing melting snow and rain to accumulate. <br />
<br />
When Mt. Mazama collapsed about 6,800 years ago, it left behind evidences of its former self.  Like X-ray photos, the steep caldera walls reveal the interior of Mt. Mazama before its fall.  <br />
<br />
The massive gray monolith on the rim is Llao Rock.  It formed when a large outpouring of lava filled an explosion crater on the north slope of Mt. Mazama.  When Mt. Mazama collapsed, part of the hardened lava flow broke off and fell into the caldera, leaving the downslope portion perched on the rim.<br />
<br />
The jagged, colorful spires of Hillman Peak are the remains of a secondary volcano which erupted on the side of Mt. Mazama.  This satellite cone attained a height of 1,000 feet (300m). Erosion has exposed a maze of clogged and solified lava conduits that fed the Hillman volcano.
    070310-209.jpg
  • Crater Lake - Crater Lake National Park - Oregon - United States<br />
<br />
About 6,800 years ago, at the climax of a series of dramatic eruptions, the top of Mt. Mazama collapsed.  Left behind was the huge crater, or caldera, you see today.  But before the caldera filed with water, there were more eruptions.<br />
<br />
The most striking evidence of post-collapse volcanic activity is Wizard Island, the small volcano in the middle of Crater Lake.  It's symmetrical cone was formed by a fountain of cinders which erupted from the caldera floor.  On the left side of the caldera, a similar cone appeared, but today it lies hidden 496 feet (151m) beow the lake surface. <br />
<br />
Geologists believe that lava flows which erupted after the collapse helped to seal the fractured caldera floor, allowing melting snow and rain to accumulate. <br />
<br />
When Mt. Mazama collapsed about 6,800 years ago, it left behind evidences of its former self.  Like X-ray photos, the steep caldera walls reveal the interior of Mt. Mazama before its fall.  <br />
<br />
The massive gray monolith on the rim is Llao Rock.  It formed when a large outpouring of lava filled an explosion crater on the north slope of Mt. Mazama.  When Mt. Mazama collapsed, part of the hardened lava flow broke off and fell into the caldera, leaving the downslope portion perched on the rim.<br />
<br />
The jagged, colorful spires of Hillman Peak are the remains of a secondary volcano which erupted on the side of Mt. Mazama.  This satellite cone attained a height of 1,000 feet (300m). Erosion has exposed a maze of clogged and solified lava conduits that fed the Hillman volcano.
    070310-089.jpg
  • Crater Lake - Crater Lake National Park - Oregon - United States<br />
<br />
About 6,800 years ago, at the climax of a series of dramatic eruptions, the top of Mt. Mazama collapsed.  Left behind was the huge crater, or caldera, you see today.  But before the caldera filed with water, there were more eruptions.<br />
<br />
The most striking evidence of post-collapse volcanic activity is Wizard Island, the small volcano in the middle of Crater Lake.  It's symmetrical cone was formed by a fountain of cinders which erupted from the caldera floor.  On the left side of the caldera, a similar cone appeared, but today it lies hidden 496 feet (151m) beow the lake surface. <br />
<br />
Geologists believe that lava flows which erupted after the collapse helped to seal the fractured caldera floor, allowing melting snow and rain to accumulate. <br />
<br />
When Mt. Mazama collapsed about 6,800 years ago, it left behind evidences of its former self.  Like X-ray photos, the steep caldera walls reveal the interior of Mt. Mazama before its fall.  <br />
<br />
The massive gray monolith on the rim is Llao Rock.  It formed when a large outpouring of lava filled an explosion crater on the north slope of Mt. Mazama.  When Mt. Mazama collapsed, part of the hardened lava flow broke off and fell into the caldera, leaving the downslope portion perched on the rim.<br />
<br />
The jagged, colorful spires of Hillman Peak are the remains of a secondary volcano which erupted on the side of Mt. Mazama.  This satellite cone attained a height of 1,000 feet (300m). Erosion has exposed a maze of clogged and solified lava conduits that fed the Hillman volcano.
    070310-251.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
The infant Dusangire from Group 13 stretches his legs and ventures out after a sudden rainstorm in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    053006-167.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Tuyishime holds her baby, Kuramba close to shelter it from the rain keeping it safe and warm as possible. They are members of the Susa Group in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    122102E-14.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Guhonda from the Sabyinyo Group in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda, is the largest silverback mountain gorilla in the world weighing in at approximately 450 pounds.
    052606-110.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Gasindikira from Group 13 in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda stuffs a wad of (Carduus Nyassanus) in his mouth. Commonly eaten species such as gallium, nettles or thistles have natural defense mechanisms such as barbs and stinging needles. These natural defenses must be overcome before they can be consumed. Given that these plants can comprise a high percentage of a gorillas’ diet, a repeatable method of processing them for consumption is necessary. How these skills are acquired is the real question. Research shows that the infants learn these complex manual processing skills primarily through observation and practice.
    121902E-25.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Tetero from Beetsme’s group relaxes on a log in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    060206-275.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Tetero, a young juvenile from the Beetsme Group knuckle-walks along a large fallen tree in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. On the ground, gorillas walk on all fours, resting on the knuckles of the hands rather than on the bottoms or palms of the hands.
    060206-238.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
The success of conservation efforts to preserve and protect mountain gorillas and the forests that they call home will continue to be, directly tied to the people living near them. <br />
When humans and animals compete for the same living space and natural resources, invariably the humans take precedence every time. If young females like Kubana from the Shinda Group in Parc National des Volcans are to survive, this delicate balance between the needs of people and gorillas must be achieved.
    060106-108.jpg
  • Patterns and trends begun to evolve whereby the populations that inhabited the lakeshores slowly moved progressively higher into the uplands, which required felling trees for food and fuel production. This trend, coupled with the very fertile land capable of producing food, is why these rural areas have some of the highest population densities in all of Africa. As a result of an ever-present slow drift of people toward the uplands, the forests were continuing to disappear at an alarming rate.<br />
From the Ruhija Research Station looking out across the forest in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park toward the Virunga Volcanoes in neighboring Rwanda and the Democractic Republic of Congo the impact of land clearing is visible in the stretch of farmland in the middle of the photo. The most significant land clearing has occurred within the last five hundred to a thousand years and ultimately led to a permanent separation between the once contiguous forests of Bwindi and the Virungas.
    051906-017.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Giant mossy Hagenia trees and lush herbaceous vegetation surround this silverback from Beetsme’s group, one of the research groups monitored and studied by the Karisoke Research Center in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    060206-040.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
A young female named Ikaze from Beetsme’s group grabs handfuls of Galium. Galium is one of the foods most commonly eaten by mountain gorillas in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    053106-139.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Captain von Beringe is credited with the scientific discovery of the mountain gorilla. He first saw mountain gorillas when attempting to climb Mt. Sabyinio, part of the home range where Agashya, this massive silverback, and the rest of the members of Group 13 are sometimes found.
    053006-116.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
There is perhaps no more majestic or iconic animal among all of the endangered species than the mountain gorilla. Silverbacks like Ubumwe from the Amahoro Group in Parc National des Volcans are truly magnificent in stature and demeanor. The gorilla has fascinated people and captured our imaginations as long as we have been aware of its existence. The catastrophic decline in the mountain gorilla population from the 1960s and 1970s through the early 1980s could have spelled the end for mountain gorillas. Through hard work, dedication, and sacrifice of many people in the host countries and the money provided by donors around the world, the mountain gorilla has survived. However, their future even today, remains uncertain.
    052706-182.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Guhonda from the Sabyinyo Group in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda, is the largest silverback mountain gorilla in the world weighing in at approximately 450 pounds.
    052606-127.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Young Kubana from the research group Shinda stares intensely in the Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. Part of the Albertine Rift, the montane forests of the Virungas, are home to many different species of birds, primates, and mammals. Understanding this tremendous biodiversity is crucial to managing the area properly and prioritizing research and conservation strategies.
    060106-113.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Ikaze is a member of Beetsme’s Group, which is a research group studied by the Karisoke Research Center in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda. The work done at the Karisoke Research Center in Rwanda represents one of the longest continual studies of free-living primates in the world. Our knowledge of mountain gorillas constitutes most of what we know about the behavioral ecology of the entire gorilla genus. Research and scientific understanding are fundamental inputs to conservation strategies, management planning, monitoring, and evaluating success in conservation initiatives.
    053106-145.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
A close encounter with Ibigwi, from the Amahoro group in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    052706-062.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
Humura from the Susa Group sits quietly atop a fallen tree and surveys the group of tourists that are snapping nonstop in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    071104-c2-081.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda
    070904-c2-146.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda<br />
<br />
The female’s role is to produce offspring and participate in the care of the infants. Poppy, the female shown here, is one of the grande dams of Rwandan mountain gorillas having produced babies for many years. Poppy and her infant Ishyaka Laurentine are members of the Susa Group. As young females grow to maturity, they may and generally do leave their birth or natal group to join another social unit. It is not abnormal for a female to transition between groups more than once in her life. Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    052506-479.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Gasindikira from Group 13 in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda stuffs a wad of (Carduus Nyassanus) in his mouth. Commonly eaten species such as gallium, nettles or thistles have natural defense mechanisms such as barbs and stinging needles. These natural defenses must be overcome before they can be consumed. Given that these plants can comprise a high percentage of a gorillas’ diet, a repeatable method of processing them for consumption is necessary. How these skills are acquired is the real question. Research shows that the infants learn these complex manual processing skills primarily through observation and practice.
    121902D-2.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
This headshot of Agashya, a silverback from Group 13, clearly shows the large sagital crest that plays such an important role in the appearance of these spectacular animals.
    053006-122.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Ubumwe, the silverback from the Amahoro group, closely watches visitors even as he rests. In the group social structure, the silverback’s role is that of leader and protector. He leads the group in its daily quest for food. He also determines where and when the group will bed down for the night. The silverback watches over all the members of his group. Even when he appears to be sleeping or largely indifferent to everything going on around him, all it takes is one noise out of place, one smell, one wrong vocalization, and he will spring to action. Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda.
    052506-070.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Despite Agashya’s huge size, his posture is nonthreatening. This silverback from Group 13 in Rwanda is calm and relaxed as he stares intently into the camera lens.
    071304-c5-105.jpg
  • Mountain Gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) <br />
Virunga Volcanoes - Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda <br />
<br />
Bunyenyeri, a member of the Umubano group in Parc National des Volcans, Rwanda, finishes a morning feed. In 1902, Captain Oscar von Beringe shot two gorillas, and sent one to Paul Matschie at the Humboldt University Zoological Museum in Berlin, who would later describe it as a new subspecies of gorilla, which he called Gorilla gorilla beringei (later renamed Gorilla beringei beringei).
    052906-132.jpg